This work presents the development of an innovative green supramolecular deep eutectic solvent (SUPRADES)-based method for the extraction and quantification of melamine in milk. An extraction solvent was prepared using thymol and nonanoic acid, while a disperser solvent was prepared using choline chloride and ethylene glycol doped with β-cyclodextrin. The method showed good linearity (100–900 ng/mL, R² = 0.998), with an LOD of 27 ng/mL and LOQ of 81 ng/mL. Recovery values ranged from 92–107% with RSD < 5%, and the method achieved a greenness score of 79 according to the ComplexMoGAPI metric. The technique was successfully applied to determine melamine in real milk samples.

10 - January - 2026

This study aimed to derive a health-protective tolerable daily intake (TDI) for melamine by applying benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to continuous renal biomarkers in rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed to increasing doses of melamine for 28 days, and dose-response relationships for renal biomarkers such as urea and creatinine were modeled using BMD analysis. The results showed a composite BMDL of 6.815 mg/kg bw/day, which, after applying a 1000-fold uncertainty factor, yielded a TDI of 0.0068 mg/kg bw/day—10- to 30-fold lower than current FDA and EFSA/WHO values. This work provides an advanced scientific framework for reassessing melamine risk and strengthening public health protection standards.

6 - January - 2026