Analytical Green Star Area for Sample Preparation (AGSA-Prep) as a Comprehensive and Practice-Oriented Metric

Sample preparation is a critical, yet often environmentally burdensome, step in analytical chemistry. While Green Sample Preparation principles aim to mitigate this impact, existing assessment tools such as AGREEprep offer room for improvement in the assessment process. In particular, parameters such as material reusability, operator safety, and analytical performance constraints are not comprehensively considered, often resulting in lower scores for potentially green methods. This article presents AGSA-Prep (Analytical Green Star Area for Sample Preparation) as a new metric designed to provide a more comprehensive, balanced, and contextualized assessment of sample preparation greenness, seeking to supplement and update valid and currently accepted assessment tools. Building on the AGSA framework, AGSA-Prep incorporates additional assessment parameters, including reusability, waste management, energy consumption, automation, and operator protection based on personal protective equipment requirements. By simplifying complex scoring equations through categorical scoring systems, AGSA-Prep improves accessibility for routine use. This paper details the development of AGSA-Prep and critically compares its criteria with those of AGREE prep, demonstrating how AGSA-Prep offers a comprehensive assessment, thus guiding the development of greener, safer, and more efficient laboratory practices. The software is available for end-users at bit.ly/AGSA-Prep. - analytical science advances

1 - July - 2026

Nanomaterials Assessment Tool (NAT): A novel open-access framework for performance and sustainability evaluation

Abstract Nanotechnology is the field of science that has achieved remarkable advances over the past few decades, enabling significant developments in biomedical, chemical, and environmental applications. The rapid expansion of nanomaterial research has led to the synthesis of a wide variety of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials with exceptional functional properties. However, alongside performance optimization, increasing attention is being directed toward the sustainability, environmental impact, and greenness of nanomaterial synthesis routes. Despite this growing concern, a standardized and user-friendly tool for simultaneously evaluating nanomaterial performance and green synthesis conditions is still lacking. In this work, we introduce the Nanomaterials Assessment Tool (NAT), a novel, open-access software, available at https://nattool.az3093.info/NanoTool, It is designed to systematically assess nanomaterials based on both their functional performance and the extent of greenness in their synthesis processes. NAT evaluates four main aspects: the nature of materials and reagents used, the sustainability of synthesis conditions, the properties of the synthesized nanomaterial, and its applicability. The tool consists of sixteen carefully designed evaluation questions with a quantitative scoring system with a maximum total score of 100 supported by visual illustrations. By providing a standardized assessment framework, NAT aims to encourage researchers to adopt green precursors, optimize eco-friendly synthesis strategies, and minimize environmental impact without compromising material performance. The tool is applicable to a wide range of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, nanozymes, metal–organic frameworks, and nanocomposites. - Green Analytical Chemistry

17 - May - 2026

Integrating Artificial intelligence within sustainable smart analytical chemistry for analyzing the divisor impact on UV-spectrophotometric efficiency of solifenacin and mirabegron combination

This study examines the influence of divisor selection on the efficacy of advanced analytical spectrophotometric methods that integrate artificial intelligence (AI), green-chemistry principles, and white-analytical-chemistry (WAC) frameworks for pharmaceutical investigation. Advanced analytical chemistry, which combines environmental sustainability, analytical practice and computational cleverness, was employed to create innovative spectrophotometric techniques for the concurrent quantification of solifenacin succinate (SOF), and mirabegron (MIR), both utilized in the treatment of overactive bladder. Three divisor approaches were evaluated within complementary smart resolution strategies based on high impact amplitude manipulation method (HIAM) using normalized divisor of MIR, concentration-dependent divisor of MIR at 3.0, 8.0, and 14.0 µg/mL, as well as extracted zero order spectra of MIR obtained by absorbance resolution method (AR). Linearity for SOF was observed from 2.5 to 25.0 µg/mL using first derivative D1at 222 nm, while MIR exhibited linearity from 1.5 to 15.0 µg/mL at its maxima 249.0 nm. To assess the robustness and risk, cumulative validation score; CVS, was calculated, serving as instrumental sign for evaluating analytical reliability and method performance. We introduce Sustainable & Smart Analytical Chemistry (SSAC), conjoining Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), WAC, and AI to develop analytical methods that are efficient, environmentally responsible, and consistent with the multiple Sustainable Development Goals; SDGs. The Sustainability of Analytical Methods Index (SAMI) was applied to evaluate the method’s holistic alignment with the 17 SDGs. Using the Multi-Color Assessment Tool (MA), the method’s greenness, realism, presentation, and novelty were evaluated, demonstrating its sustainability and global impact. - Scientific Reports

1 - May - 2026

Sustainable harnessing of Red Sea brown seaweed extracts as plant growth promoters: Analytical profiling and application to faba bean

Seaweed liquid extracts (SLEs) are progressively recognized as sustainable biostimulants that enhance plant growth and stress resilience. This investigation evaluated the effects of SLEs derived from four seaweed species Cystoseira compressa, Sargassum aquifolium, Sargassum natans, and Turbinaria ornate on the seedling performance of Vicia faba L. Seedlings received weekly soaking applications of the extracts, which were chemically characterized for macro- and micronutrients, minerals, phenolics, and plant growth regulators. All SLE treatments significantly improved root development, esterase activity, and soluble sugar accumulation compared with controls (p ≤ 0.05). The extract of C. compressa, enriched in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 15 nM), displayed the strongest effect on root morphological traits. Extracts from S. aquifolium and S. natans, characterized by higher phenolic content, conspicuously enhanced plant nutritional status and the productivity of the plant, whereas T. ornata primarily stimulated root elongation without marked effects on nutrition. A clear relationship was perceived between extract composition and physiological response. These conclusions demonstrate the potential of seaweed based biostimulants to improve crop productivity through natural, resource-efficient inputs, contributing to sustainable agriculture and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The valorization of marine biomass for agricultural use also reinforces blue economy strategies, particularly in the Red Sea region - sciencedirect Journals

1 - May - 2026

Hybrid Modification Strategies of Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review on Structural Design and Environmental Applications

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with unique properties, including high surface area, tunable pore sizes, and versatile chemical functionalities. These features position MOFs as essential tools in catalysis, separation, sensing, and environmental remediation, highlighting their significance in modern chemistry and practical applications. Methods: This review addresses hybrid modification strategies for MOFs, which involve integrating MOFs with secondary components such as polymers, nanoparticles, and complementary organic ligands. It further examines various synthesis methodologies, structural characterization techniques, and design strategies for crystal frameworks to control pore structures and chemical functionalities, thereby enhancing functional performance. Results: Recent studies demonstrate that hybrid MOFs exhibit improved pollutant removal efficiency, enhanced chemical sensing capabilities, and increased structural stability under diverse conditions. Precise control over pore structures and chemical functionalities has been shown to optimize hybrid performance in both environmental and industrial applications. Future Perspectives: The findings suggest that artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can accelerate the design, synthesis, and optimization of hybrid MOFs. Moreover, adopting green synthesis approaches using renewable resources and bio-waste represents a critical step toward developing environmentally sustainable and high-performance hybrid frameworks. - Chemistry – A European Journal

30 - April - 2026

Utilization of Tomato Waste Biomass as a Fluorescent Sensor for Quantification and Residual Determination of Toltrazuril in Veterinary Drugs and Milk Samples

This study focuses on developing an analytical method for the determination of toltrazuril (TTZ), an antiparasitic drug widely used in veterinary medicine, particularly for protecting poultry and livestock from protozoal infections in hot and humid environmental conditions. Methodology: A fluorescent probe based on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) was prepared. These nanodots were synthesized using a domestic microwave-assisted method, utilizing tomato waste residues as a sustainable and low-cost biomass source. The prepared N-CQDs were applied for the first time as a fluorescent sensor for detecting TTZ in pharmaceutical formulations and milk samples. Key Results: 1. Detection mechanism: The method is based on static fluorescence quenching and demonstrated high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 μM, within a linear range of 0.15 to 25.0 μM. 2. Practical application: The results confirmed the probe’s efficiency in monitoring food safety of animal origin and ensuring the absence of drug residues. 3. Extraction: A standardized and efficient extraction protocol was developed for isolating TTZ from cow milk samples to ensure measurement accuracy. Sustainability assessment: The proposed method was evaluated using modern green chemistry metrics such as AGREE and MoGAPI, as well as carbon footprint indicators including CaFRI, EPPI, and SAMI. The assessment confirmed that the method is not only efficient but also highly sustainable and environmentally friendly. - BMC CHEMISTRY

18 - April - 2026

Coupling MgSO4-assisted SALLE with a fluorimetric turn-off strategy for the determination of cinacalcet HCl in pharmaceutical and human matrices

An innovative, sustainable analytical approach was developed by coupling an Epsom salt, E518 (magnesium sulfate)–facilitated salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) system with a safe molecular fluorescent probe, Celfia Pink B (CPB), employing a fluorescence turn-off sensing strategy. MgSO₄ acts as a green salting-out agent, enhancing phase separation efficiency and producing cleaner extracts with higher analyte recovery. CPB, a safe, food-grade dye, serves as a selective fluorogenic probe whose emission at 553 nm is quenched upon electrostatic ion-pair complex formation with Cinacalcet HCl under mildly acidic conditions. The method exhibited excellent linearity (0.08–1.3 µg/mL) with high sensitivity (LOD = 0.024 µg/mL; LOQ = 0.075 µg/mL). Validation according to ICH guidelines demonstrated robustness, precision, and accuracy across pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. Sustainability assessment using the WAC framework categorized the platform as “white,” highlighting low environmental impact, safe operation, and simplicity. By minimizing organic solvent use and eliminating hazardous reagents, this MgSO₄-assisted SALLE/fluorescence turn-off approach provides a green, highly sensitive, and versatile tool for trace-level determination of Cinacalcet HCl in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. - Scientific Reports

17 - March - 2026

Cross-contamination pathways in the analysis of plastics and related chemical compounds: Good laboratory practices and tips

The analysis of plastics and related compounds at trace levels is highly susceptible to contamination because many target analytes are ubiquitous in laboratory environments. This work identifies six main contamination pathways: laboratory materials, environmental sources, human handling, solvents and reagents, cleaning and sample preparation, and instrumental systems. For each pathway, preventive strategies and good laboratory practices are proposed based on experimental experience and literature examples. The use of procedural blanks and early consideration of contamination risks during experimental design are strongly recommended. Overall, this study provides a structured framework to improve data reliability, reproducibility, and transparency in plastic-related contaminant analysis. - sciencedirect Journals

16 - March - 2026

AI-assisted design and optimization of two smart green HPLC methods for simultaneous determination of some antiviral drugs

Two novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed and validated for the determination of dolutegravir (DTG), lamivudine (3TC), and abacavir (ABA) in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, AI engines such as Copilot, ChatGPT 5.2, Gemini, and Perplexity were integrated into HPLC method development. The selected predicted conditions underwent experimental optimization, validation, and refinement. Their practical implementation significantly improved efficiency and accuracy in the analytical process. The first method, an isocratic HPLC, was designed for the simultaneous quantification of DTG and 3TC using an XBridge® C18 column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 3.5, 50:50 v/v). Detection was performed at 258.0 nm for DTG and 275.0 nm for 3TC. The second method, a gradient HPLC, enabled the simultaneous quantification of DTG, 3TC, and ABA on a Spherisorb® ODS2 C18 column with methanol and TEA/TFA buffer (pH 3.15) as the mobile phase. Detection wavelengths were 258.0, 278.0, and 294.0 nm for DTG, 3TC, and ABA, respectively. The calibration ranges were wide and showed excellent linearity. Both techniques were validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R2) guidelines. The approaches align with smart analytical chemistry principles, combining green and white analytical chemistry (GAC and WAC) with AI-driven method development, resulting in accurate, fast, and sustainable techniques suitable for routine quality control applications. - Green Analytical Chemistry

16 - March - 2026

Artificial intelligence versus traditional approaches in multicomponent spectral analysis

This study explores the use of AI-assisted data handlingin spectrophotometric method development, providing a flexible and globally accessible alternative to traditional manual software algorithms.Quadriderm cream combines four active ingredients: Clioquinol (CLIO), Betamethasone (BETA), Tolnaftate (TOL), and Gentamicin (GEN) with the preservative Chlorocresol (CC). Building on our previous research on complex pharmaceutical mixtures with challenging ratios, this study applied established protocols for CLIO and GEN while focusing on the more analytically demanding ternary subsystem (TOL, BETA, and CC).The integration of AI-enhanced spectral handling and interpretation reduces operator-dependent variability and streamlines the analytical workflow. This includes generating calibration graphs and regression equations, as well as effectively handling scanned spectral data via consecutive prompts. Validation data such as accuracy and precision are assessed to ensure reliability. Furthermore, the system enables intelligent, simultaneous analysis of laboratory mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations, enhancing both efficiency and accuracy. The AI strategy, trained on spectral data supplied and monitored by the expertiseanalyst, can automatically predict optimal wavelengths with minimal interference, while manual handling strategy rely on analyst-driven selection. Two novel approaches were developed: the factorized derivative ratio extraction using double divisor (MAN-[DD- DDE])via Spectra Manager® software and the automated double divisor derivative ratio (AUTO-[DD-DD]) via AI tools and for resolving ternary mixtures with severely overlapping UV spectra and comparing the results with those of(MAN-[DD- DD])at coincidence points. Linear working ranges were 0.5–5.0 µg/mL (TOL), 3.0–30.0 µg/mL (BETA), and 2.0–20.0 µg/mL (CC); LODs were 0.09, 0.09, and 0.26 µg/mL, respectively. AI-driven data processing strategy matched the accuracy and reproducibility of traditional strategy manipulation while reducing subjective steps and effort. Finally, the UV-spectrophotometric method for pharmaceutical cream analysis was evaluated using the MA Tool (2025) to assess sustainability across green, white, and AI-driven criteria. AI-assisted scoring via Microsoft Copilot enabled rapid, reproducible assessment, yielding a Whiteness Score of 60.9% and providing actionable recommendations for greener and more efficient workflows - Scientific Reports

1 - March - 2026

Whiteness Evaluation for Chemical Analysis (WECA) as a Flexible Tool and Web-Based Software for Whiteness Assessment in Analytical Chemistry

Two novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed and validated for the determination of dolutegravir (DTG), lamivudine (3TC), and abacavir (ABA) in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, AI engines such as Copilot, ChatGPT 5.2, Gemini, and Perplexity were integrated into HPLC method development. The selected predicted conditions underwent experimental optimization, validation, and refinement. Their practical implementation significantly improved efficiency and accuracy in the analytical process. The first method, an isocratic HPLC, was designed for the simultaneous quantification of DTG and 3TC using an XBridge® C18 column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 3.5, 50:50 v/v). Detection was performed at 258.0 nm for DTG and 275.0 nm for 3TC. The second method, a gradient HPLC, enabled the simultaneous quantification of DTG, 3TC, and ABA on a Spherisorb® ODS2 C18 column with methanol and TEA/TFA buffer (pH 3.15) as the mobile phase. Detection wavelengths were 258.0, 278.0, and 294.0 nm for DTG, 3TC, and ABA, respectively. The calibration ranges were wide and showed excellent linearity. Both techniques were validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R2) guidelines. The approaches align with smart analytical chemistry principles, combining green and white analytical chemistry (GAC and WAC) with AI-driven method development, resulting in accurate, fast, and sustainable techniques suitable for routine quality control applications. - Analytica

27 - February - 2026

Systematic review of recent metrics (2020–2025) for greenness, applicability, and analytical performance with guidelines for practical use

In recent years, the demand for eco-friendly analytical methods with practical applicability and high analytical performance has driven the development of numerous evaluation metrics. This trend aligns with the principles of White Analytical Chemistry (WAC), which expands the scope of analytical science by integrating not only environmental friendliness and safety (green) but also analytical efficiency (red) and practical, economic aspects (blue). Over the last five years, several emerging tools have been introduced, offering more structured and systematic approaches for assessing analytical methods. This review classifies these tools into four main categories: (a) green tools, (b) blue tools, (c) red tools, and (d) multidimensional tools. The first parameter, such as reagent toxicity, solvent consumption, and waste generation, was identified as a key greenness indicator, representing the environmental component of broader analytical sustainability. The second addresses applicability, evaluating cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, and other practical aspects; the third concentrates on analytical performance, covering parameters essential for method validation. The fourth category integrates these aspects into comprehensive frameworks, enabling a balanced assessment across sustainability, applicability, and performance. This review critically compares these tools, outlining their merits and limitations. It also presents practical strategies to improve the greenness of conventional analytical methods. It proposes a novel set of standardized guidelines to ensure the transparent and non-manipulative application of sustainability metrics, addressing a critical gap in current practice. Additionally, our work discusses future directions toward comprehensive, objective, and universally adoptable assessment systems that can guide the next generation of sustainable analytical practices. - Results in Chemistry

20 - February - 2026

AQbD-driven development of a green RP-HPLC method for nirogacestat with LC–MS structural elucidation

Nirogacestat (NGT), a recently approved γ-secretase inhibitor for desmoid tumors, requires sensitive and sustainable analytical methods for impurity profiling. This study aimed to develop a green, stability-indicating HPLC method using an Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) approach. Critical method parameters, including ethanol percentage, ammonium formate buffer concentration, and flow rate, were optimized through risk assessment and a central composite design to establish a robust design space. The final method employed an ethanol–ammonium formate mobile phase (24.14:75.86 v/v, 0.295 mM, pH 3.2) at 1.0 mL/min, achieving baseline separation of NGT, its process impurities, and degradation products with high efficiency (~ 15,900 plates) and symmetry (tailing factor ≤ 1.1). Validation following ICH Q2(R2) confirmed specificity, linearity (R2 > 0.999), accuracy (99.4–101.2% recovery), precision (%RSD ≤ 1.8%), and robustness. Sensitivity was demonstrated with LOD/LOQ values of 11.58/35.10 ppm for NGT and ≤ 0.52/1.58 ppm for impurities. Forced-degradation studies showed 3–14% degradation across stress conditions with mass balance between 95–105%, and peak-purity confirmed the stability-indicating capability. The method’s greenness was demonstrated using AGREE, AGSA, CACI, CaFRI, and a multi-assessment tool, with an overall whiteness index of 74%. Overall, this ethanol-based AQbD-optimized method offers a reliable, sustainable, and regulatory-compliant platform for impurity profiling and stability testing of NGT. - BMC chemistry journal

10 - February - 2026

Whiteness and greenness assessment with efficacy evaluation of two UPLC systems applied for the quantification of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate along with their toxic impurities

- Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy journal

9 - August - 2023

Application of advanced environmentally benign assessment tools in determining ternary cardiovascular drug combination by RPHPLC with analytical quality by design: Application to stability indicating method evaluation

- Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy journal

13 - July - 2023

Ziziphus spina-christi Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies

- journal chemosensors

5 - May - 2023

Environmentally sustainable computationally spectrophotometric resolution strategy for analysis single-tablet regimens of antihypertension with overlapped spectra

- sciencedirect Journals

26 - April - 2023

Spider diagram and sustainability evaluation of UV-methods strategy for quantification of aspirin and sildenafil citrate in the presence of salicylic acid in their bulk and formulation

- Asparagus magazine

4 - April - 2023

Spider chart and whiteness assessment of synergistic spectrophotometric strategy for quantification of triple combination recommended in seasonal influenza – Detection of spurious drug

- science direct

14 - January - 2023

A novel turn-off functionalized potentiometric probe for antiparkinsonian drugs: advancing sustainability and white chemistry

To detect memantine hydrochloride (MEM) and pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate (PDM) in pure form, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and spiked human plasma with improved speed and sensitivity, this study presents a novel potentiometric strategy using functionalized magnetic nano-sized iron oxide particles (5 nm) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HP-β-CD). These particles were incorporated into the internal solution of the sensor electrode. Performance surpassed previous sensors due to the unique properties of magnetic iron oxide, which enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Electrochemical evaluation followed IUPAC standards. Linearity was observed for MEM and PDM within 1 × 10−7–1 × 10-² M & 1 × 10−8–1 × 10-² M, respectively. Six weeks of replicate calibration graphs confirmed long-term potential stability and repeatability. Accuracy was validated using the standard addition technique. Experimental variables such as plasticizer type, pH influence, temperature fluctuations, foreign substance interference, and nanoparticle concentration were optimized. This method reflects principles of sustainability by combining excellent analytical performance with environmental and economic benefits. The high whiteness score, assessed via the RGB12 tool, confirms its alignment with white chemistry. This work demonstrates that true sustainability requires not only green practices but also comprehensive attention to analytical efficiency, eco-friendliness, and affordability. - Green Analytical Chemistry

Sustainable chromatographic quantitation of multi-antihypertensive medications: application on diverse combinations containing hydrochlorothiazide along with LC–MS/MS profling of potential impurities: greenness and whiteness evaluation

- BMC Chemistry